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PART II.
ETYMOLOGY.
SUBSTANTIVE.
_Substantives_ in this language are declined without the use of
articles.
2. Those which may be called _verbal_, from their origin in verbs,
are much used: hi?sguadauh, painting, or writing, is the passive (is
painted) of the present active hi?sguan, I paint. They have their
times: hi?sguadauh is in the present, expressing the picture I form
now of the passive preterite hi?sguacauh, the work I have executed, of
which hi?sguatzidaugh, the picture I will make, is the future passive:
and when to these verbal substantives is added the particle gua, it
denotes place, as, No hi?sguadaubgua, the place where I paint, etc.
GUA.
3. But words signifying kindred, have their termination usually in gua
also, for which see section 16.
SIVEN, RINA.
4, 5. _Other verbal substantives_, signifying instruments, are made
from the future active: thus, the verb m?tecan, I chop, having m?tetze
in the future, receives siven in lieu of the final syllable, and makes
the substantive, m?tesiven, axe or tool with which to chop. Many of
these words likewise terminate in rina, as b?cusirina, flute, from
b?cudan, I whistle, and b?hirina, shovel, from bih?n, I scrape.
RAGUA, SURA.
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